Battery Charging Principles

First talk about the battery discharge process, the battery is translating chemical energy into electrical energy.

Copper-zinc primary cell batteries as an example:

┏ Zinc: Zn - 2e-= Zn2 + oxidation (negative)

e -

┗ Copper: 2H + + 2e-= H2 ↑ reduction reaction (cathode)

General type: Zn + 2H + = Zn2 + + H2 ↑

This is the A1045 battery discharge process (the electron transfer between the two substances with different activity).

Generant conditions:

① two different activity electrodes (metal and metal or graphite or insoluble metal oxides);

② two electrodes immersed in electrolyte and with a wire connection or direct contact;

Particle discharge order:

Cation:

K +, Ca2 +, Na +, Mg2 +, Al3 +, Zn2 +, Fe2 +

Sn2 +, Pb2 + (H +) Cu2 + Fe3 + Hg2 + Ag +

(Get e ability to turn enhancements)

Cation:

In addition to Au, Pt metal electrodes outside the discharge capacity of “anion. Namely:

Zn, Fe … Cu, Hg, Ag> S2-, I -,

Br -, Cl -, OH - (water), NO3 -, SO4 2 —

Now come back to talk about charging,

Charge is to make the charging process reversal in the above

With lead-acid batteries as an example:

Lead-acid batteries are the first produced practical battery. The principle is as follows:

Put lead A and B into sulfuric acid solution, the result of lead in sulfuric acid, so that the two lead form lead sulfate, lead sulfate solution was saturated, there’s no electric potential yet, when recharge the battery, the chemical reactions that occur on the poles are as follows:

A; PbSO4 +2 H2O - 2e-→ PbO2 + H2SO4 +2 H +;

B: PbSO4 +2 e-→ Pb + SO42-;

Can be seen that after charge A panel PbO2 become positive, B-board Pb become negative.

The bipolar reaction of discharge occurs as follows:

Positive: PbO2 + H2SO4 +2 H +-2e-→ PbSO4 +2 H2O-2e-;

Cathode: Pb + SO42-→ PbSO4 +2 e-;

Discharge reaction exactly the reverse process to charge your batteries. When charging, the maximum electromotive force is 2.2V. Discharge, the electromotive force gradually decreased, and when get low as 1.8V it must be charged, otherwise plate will be damaged.

Five tips for electric vehicle battery purchase

1. Check product logos are complete. Including the name of the manufacturer, model specifications, date of manufacture, mark, see if they are consistent within and outside the mark, in particular, to check whether there catchy product identification of the body the production date should pay attention if, in the near future.

2.  Note the appearance of the battery. See if there is a distortion, cracks, scratches, and signs of leaks. Battery terminals should be clean, no rust, signs must be clear.

3.  Concerned about the electric car batteries rated capacity marked on. More rated capacity marked on the battery discharge time of the longer battery, it is better not to buy non-rated batteries marked, but pay attention to whether a dedicated electric vehicle, if more capacity marking should be based on design capacity shall prevail.

4.  Choose well-known businesses, large enterprises branded batteries. Batteries are generally provided by a manufacturer of industrial batteries, different brands, different manufacturers of batteries as other advantages and disadvantages; the price level is also divided. Well known, the size of large companies, technological solid after-sales service is good, battery quality assured.

5.  Corresponding to the purchase and the battery charger with an intelligent automatic. The charger should automatically adjusting the size and timing of recharge is beneficial to extend the battery life

Elastic Energy-Storage Systems May Replace Li-ion Batteries

MIT Researchers say carbon nanotubes could provide a more durable, reliable energy-storage mutually exclusive to traditional batteries. And best of all, no leakage to speak of.

Carbon Nanotube Springs Could Provide Reliable, Long-Term Energy Storage, MIT Researchers Say: Powering an electric SUV of the future? MIT researchers pronounce carbon nanotubes, tube-shaped molecules of pure carbon, could one day provide reliable, rich, long-term energy storage. As much energy storage, pound for pound, as a lithium-ion BTP-43D1 battery, only with little risk of leaking energy and a possibly infinite charge-recharge cycle.

It is one of the simplest energy-storage devices known to man: The spring. Think of how a jack-in-the-box keeps hold of the mechanical energy it takes to compress that clown into the box, releasing it only if the weasel song reaches its climax. And that energy storage is a long-term proposition. The clown could likely sit, poised in that box in grandma’s attic for 100 years, until some joker appears, and cranks. Now imagine millions of carbon nanotubes — tube-shaped molecules of pure carbon — all storing as much energy, pound-for-pound as a comparable lithium-ion  Aspire 3000 battery, then releasing that energy to give power to a lunar rover, a silent leaf blower or even a car.

That’s the subject of two papers on the findings of Carol Livermore, associate professor of mechanical engineering at MIT. As part of the research, Livermore presents a theoretical electric power source, which stores energy in a carbon nanotube spring, to study the potential for generating electricity from the stored mechanical energy.

Such springs can deliver the stored energy as an acute, quick burst, or slowly and steadily over a long period - imagine a mousetrap vs. a windup clock, for example. And unlike 40Y6797 batteries, stored energy in such springs wouldn’t leak off over time. Also, Livermore says, they should be able to charge and recharge many times without a loss of performance, though more testing is still needed to make sure. Of course, converting mechanical energy to electricity will cause some of the energy to fool away through friction and other processes that produce heat. Specified follows physics.

Of course, many hurdles to a useable CNT energy system still need to be vaulted, like the ability to produce highly concentrated bundles of nanotubes. So don’t expect to pick up the dry cleaning in a nanotube-powered SUV for many, many years to arrive.