Solar light and heat combined to form new ideas

Recently, American researchers are jointly developing solar multi-level cell hybrid solar thermal, solar photovoltaic VGP-BPS9A/B VGP-BPS9/S cells, and the combination of thermoelectric materials used to absorb light and heat are two different forms of solar energy. Meanwhile, the U. S. Department of Energy is also expected that solar cells made of tiles, replacement of tiles now widely used in wood, to help the environment. To achieve this goal, the Department of Energy to the United Engineering Corporation Weidlinger allocated 150 thousand U.S. dollars of funds to help for the first phase of research and development.

Currently working with Columbia University in New York. Researchers hope that the roof solar panels solar thermal hybrid solar conversion efficiency can reach 12% even if efficiency is not high, but given the low cost, is still attractive. Currently, the models produced: In the solar panels in the outer layer of protection are solar photovoltaic cells, followed by the researchers called “sandwich functional extensions and the plastic tube composed of thermoelectric materials. In - head of plastic pipe in cold water cooling panels to play the role of output in heating hot water for people to use. In the plastic tube below the bottom plate of the RN873 Y6142 battery: stories reinforced plastic. solar photovoltaic cells to solar electromagnetic radiation into electricity, while the thermal layer is the solar thermal energy converted into electricity. Researchers have presented, plastic pipe “feature upgrades sandwich in all Hybrid Solar panels plays an important role, especially in summer, the temperature of the solar battery is too high, the conversion efficiency is low, plastic pipe cooling device time role will be very obvious.

Currently, other than the laboratory at Columbia University, have been tested, the battery will be in New York, Douglas College (FDA) of a roof area of 6.4 square meters of construction on the subject tests. The researchers also calculated the cost of technology to produce electricity, which is determined that a new A1078 A1175 energy technology can compete with fossil fuels, the most elementary norms.

This is the first phase of the experiment. If the success of this phase, researchers will be 6 months after the second stage: one million dollars from the Department of Energy to obtain funds in one year, the technology has been further improved. After the third phase is likely to cost 10 million U.S. dollars for technology, commercial production. Some studies presented, and they wanted to end within five years, the technology to market.

U. S. Department of Energy said they were very supportive of this plan. Solar cell has not been able to penetrate the market, mainly due to the high initial cost, conversion efficiency is low, but the hybrid solar thermal rooftop solar panels are part of the surface of the building and efficiency has been improved. At the same time, these low-cost, durable panels is extremely suitable for installation in residential and commercial common, the vast range of uses and broad prospects. F4809A F4812A

A variety of battery charging method

Lead-acid battery charging method

1. Lead-acid battery charging method and the method of Li-ion battery, as it is: pre-loading, load current constant voltage constant monitoring of temperature, floating charge (maintenance)

2. Pre-Charge: If the single cell voltages lower than the set value of voltage, load in the pre-charge cycle, the first time, the general configuration of single-cell is less than 1.65 V, both below the voltage entered on the pre-loading time.

3. Current load constant: as a single-cell voltage exceeds the set value of voltage, the charge cycle in the constant load current with the most current to recharge theVGP-BPS9A/B VGP-BPS9/S  battery. The general tension setting of this unicellular 1.65-2.47V

4. Constant Charge: When the battery in the process of charging, the battery voltage reaches the set value, the charge cycle, in constant tension. In the constant voltage, constant voltage and current gradually reduced from the maximum when the current is reduced to set value, the battery is full. Generally set at 200 mA, 400 mA current.

5. Temperature control: In the whole process of charging an external thermistor to accurately determine the temperature of the battery on the battery to achieve real time, to avoid the battery temperature is too high or too low, causing the battery damage or danger.

6. Floating Chong Chongdian (maintenance): Lead-acid battery is fully charged, the battery charge cycle in floating, floating Chong Chongdian cycle is to keep the battery as no self-discharge to keep the battery in the completeness. Chong Chongdian state floating cells are not afraid of a long charge to ensure that there is no worse off after the F4809A F4812A battery power pack.

7. The three-step method of loading on the market as follows: pre-load, load at constant current, constant voltage.

8. Lead acid are generally rated voltage: 6V, 12V, 24V, 36V, 48V, grid cell for each single nominal voltage of 2.0 V.

9. Lead-acid battery charging voltage equal to: 7.4V, 14.8V, 29.6V, 44.4V, 59.2V.

10. Lead acid battery voltage float match: 6.9V, 13.8V, 27.6V, 41.1V, 55.2V.

Lithium battery charging method

1. Li ion as long as the charging method is as follows: pre-load, load at constant current, constant voltage, the temperature monitoring.

2. Pre-Charge: If the single cell voltage lower than the set value of voltage, load in the pre-charge cycle, the first time, the general configuration of single-cell is less than 3.0V, as long as less than tension between the pre-charge time.

3. Current load constant: as a single-cell voltage exceeds the set value of voltage, the charge cycle in the constant load current with the most current to recharge the PA3383U-1BRS PA3395U-1BRS battery. The general framework of the tension of a single cell of 3.0-4.2V.

4. Constant Charge: When the battery in the process of charging, the battery voltage reaches the set value, the charge cycle, in constant tension. In the constant voltage, constant voltage and current gradually reduced from the maximum when the current is reduced to set value, the battery is full. General 50mA current range.

5. Temperature control: In the whole process of charging an external thermistor to accurately determine the temperature of the battery on the battery to track in real time to prevent the battery temperature is too high or too low causing damage to the battery or the occurrence of risk.

6.li monomer ion is generally rated voltage: 3.6V, 3.7V

Monomer 7.li-ion charging voltage is typically: 4.23V-4.26V

Ni-Cd, Ni-MH rechargeable and processes of pricing methods:

1. Charging process: pre-charge, fast charge, top-up maintenance charge.

2. Pre-load: just start charging a low BATCL50L LCBTP03003 rate of charge, to meet certain conditions, pricing, and then transferred to load faster.

3. Quick charge: is divided into constant current load and the load pulse:

A. Constant-load current is a constant current to charge the battery;

B. Load pulse was first used a pulse of current to recharge the battery, then let the battery discharge and so on.

4. Surcharge: A quick method of charge termination, after the cessation of fast charging, the battery power is not sufficient to ensure the battery charging to 100% of electricity, but also join the increase the rates charged are usually no more than 0.3c, the additional charge process, the temperature will continue to increase when the temperature exceeds the limit, the net of the shipper in the state.

5. Charge compensation: Also known as maintenance costs, according to the battery self-discharge characteristics of the loading rate of maintenance are generally low. While connected to the battery charger and the charger connected to power in maintaining the state of charge, the shipper a charge rate will be added to the power of the 6Y270 75UYF battery, it will give the battery is fully charged state of the total. Load current is less than 0.1C, we called the trickle charge.

Ni-MH battery Precautions

1 charge

For the new nickel-metal hydride batteries, the best use of their digital products (such as digital cameras, batteries) to the depth of discharge and then recharge, and thus repeated five times on the potential of the battery can be a good play .

In Ni-MH rechargeable batteries, you must be careful is to prevent the battery from overcharging. Currently, some more expensive charger with intelligent recognition system can avoid nickel-metal hydride batteries due to overload caused by damage to the characteristics of the battery functions. Some fully charged and entered a charge current or trickle charger to charge battery, the user must need a battery charger and characteristics to determine the charge time and cut the power on time . In addition, different brands of batteries and chargers in the absence of details on the characteristics of their own before the charge should not mix.

Secondly, the use of

Use the battery, remember not different from the remaining capacity of batteries. In particular, the use of AA batteries, digital camera, the remaining capacity of batteries of different lead to a decrease in VGP-BPS9/S battery performance, significant damage will be on camera, this time would be better labeled or marked on the mark battery, depending on the camera together the number of battery usage. In addition, different brands, different nominal capacity of the discharge curve of the battery is often not the same, do not mix.

In use, the battery discharge when the unit stops automatically at the moment is better not to force the start of shooting. Because the battery too often will lead to performance degradation of the battery discharge. In addition, the NiMH batteries should give attention to abandon resistance. A greater distance to fall tends to undermine the internal characteristics of the battery from the reduction of life, while in the battery can not be reused.

Third, preservation

If the battery does not use much time to save the need to recharge the battery. After a full charge of the ambient temperature, there is no direct sunlight to save the environment. At the same time, the battery should give attention to humidity, fire. In addition, because the VGP-BPS13/S  battery-discharge characteristics, and then reuse the battery when the battery must be recharged.